Practice
Test your mastery of cell injury concepts
Introduction to Cell Injury
Basic definitions and clinical importance.
Cellular Adaptation
Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy and metaplasia examples.
Mechanisms of Injury
ATP depletion, Ca2+ influx, ROS and membrane damage.
Necrosis, Apoptosis & Autophagy
Identify patterns and molecular pathways.
Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
Mechanisms and clinical contexts.
Free Radicals & Oxidative Stress
Sources, defenses and consequences.
Repair & Regeneration
Inflammation, fibrosis and functional recovery.